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[Experience] 关于听力

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举报 只看楼主 使用道具 楼主   发表于: 2012-08-21 0


听力成功的四大要素


在语言的四个技能中，听与读属“接受型”技能，说与写属“创造型”技能。听力的“接受”性质决定了听能的提高必须依靠大量的听力实践训练来实现。训练过程包括：①听力速度；②听力素质；③听力记忆；④听力理解。

　　一、听力速度训练

　　听力速度直接关系到听力测试的成败，而且是影响考生测试心理的一个重要因素。测试中因为一道题没跟上而顿时慌乱，接连丢失几题的情况并不罕见。

　　如何训练听力速度？一种方法是“循序渐进法”，即由慢速到快速，逐步提高。这种方法可使初学者逐渐适应有声信息的接受方式，树立起听的信心。但是，人为地将大脑对语速的适应过程分成几个阶段，由慢到快地几经调整，始终处于消极被动的状态。而且，如果信息传播的速度过于缓慢，反而会拉长记忆的距离，造成遗忘，久而久之，大脑的反应速度也就变得迟钝了。

　　听力测试的语速是英语本族人讲英语的正常速度。为使大脑尽早适应这种语速，宜从一开始就以这种速度进行训练。初期阶段会出现“坐飞机”的现象，但不必担忧，因为在这种语速的不断“轰击”下，耳朵会逐渐敏锐，从开始只能抓住只言片语到能接受一个完整句子，直至大脑完全适应了这种语速，接下来便是行使其记忆与判断的功能了。

　　在听力速度训练中，要抓住速度这个主要矛盾，采用语法及词汇比较浅显，但语速属于正常的有声材料。

　　二、听力素质培养

　　听力的最终目的在于理解，而达到理解境界离不开良好的听力素质。所谓听力素质是指对英语语音基本知识的掌握，如音素识别、连读等。
　　⑴识别音素很重要。语言信息的表达是通过元音和辅音字母有规律的组合来实现的。如元音字母“a”在不同的组合中有多种发音：bake/ei/，bad/ /，bald/ :/，radar/a:/，data//。而一个辅音音素可以有多种辅音字母的组合，如/f/：leaf，laugh，philosophy等。如果说阅读是凭借字母的组合形式去判断词义的话，那么听力则主要依*声音去确定词的意思。因此，元音的长、短，辅音的清浊，都对判断有直接影响。

　　听力测试第一部分除了检测考生对各类英语句子结构的理解能力之外，还检测考生的音素识别能力。在每道单句听力试题的四个选项中都设置一种与原文某些关键词在发音上相同或相近的“混淆音”。

　　例：“Our club meets every other Wednesday.”
　　A.We meet once every two weeks.
　　B.We met for an hour.
　　C.They asked me and several others.
　　D.They love to fly on windy days.

　　A是答案；B中的“hour”与“our”发音相同；C中的“several others”与“everyother”发音相近；D中的“windy days”是为了混淆“Wednesday”的。

　　培养学生较强的音素识别能力有助于在听力测试中迅速捕捉关键词的发音，从而在选择时排除同、近音词的干扰，选出正确答案。
　　⑵连读与辨音。

　　了解连读的一些基本规律，有利于听力测试中抓“准”词句，准确理解。

　　助动词缩略式连读在听力中最普遍，熟悉这种连读对于正确判断试题的语气和时态十分有用。

　　例：“If it hadn"t rained, we would"ve played tennis.”
　　A.We played only half a game.
　　B.We took the train to Tunis.
　　C.We didn"t play tennis because it rained.
　　D.Ten of us walked in the rain.

　　相邻音连续，即当前面一个单词的结尾为辅音字母，而紧跟其后的单词又是以元音字母开头时，这两个音连读。

　　例“The program will be on at ten.”
　　并列连词“or”与其前后的单词连读时，听起来好似/r/。

　　例“OK, but hurry or we"ll miss the bus.”
　　音的合成连读，即当两个相邻的字母发音相同时，两个音素合并成一个音素。有时，当一个句子中有多处合成连读时，乍一听，似乎有些音素被“吃掉”了。

　　例“He used to like skating but now he prefers sking.”

　　三、听力记忆训练

　　听力记忆是听力测试中一个至关重要的环节。尤其是第三部分的短文和长段对话，不仅要跟上、听懂，而且还要把信息储存在记忆中，以供回答问题时使用。从信息的输入到选出正确答案，其间不过一分多钟。往往有这样的情形：短文或对话都听懂了，但到回答问题时，脑子里竟然一片“空白”。这种现象被称之为“听力遗忘”。克服“听力遗忘”的方法就是以人为的力量，延长信息在“短暂记忆”中停留的时间，并为信息创造“重播”的机会。这种记忆能力要*系统的、长期的训练才能逐步形成。一般可分为三个阶段进行训练：

　　第一阶段──填空。这一阶段的任务是训练大脑抓关键词的能力。空出句中的关键词，如主语、部分谓语动词、表示时间或地点的名词、否定副词等，听完录音后将该词填上。

例“I don"t _____ how I could possibly _____ my _____exam.”
　　(录音原文：I don"t see how I could possibly pass my history exam.)
　　例“____ We"d called a taxi right away , we ____ been there on time.”
　　(录音原文：If We"d called a taxi right away , we would have beenthere on time.)

　　训练短文填空时，重点可放在抓关键词上。要求边听边填空，听完一段后，留出８？１０秒钟，供回忆检查，并为进入第二阶段的听写训练作准备。

　　第二阶段──听写。这一阶段的任务是训练大脑在无任何文字信息的情况下，直接从听录音中获取信息的能力。实践证明，听写是训练记忆的有效方法。听写时不必拘泥于拼写或句子完整，只要记录关键词，甚至可用自己所理解的速记符号记录。

　　听写训练宜从单句开始，逐步向段落过渡。所选材料应注意结构简单明了，词汇通俗的文章。进入短文听写阶段时，不宜逐句听写，应在听完三五句后，按内容的先后次序，写出主要内容。

　　第三阶段──复诵。这一阶段的任务是：听完一个句子或一个段落后，立即在大脑里复诵所获得的信息。复诵中常有遗忘，但不必中途返回重听，这样会增加“短暂记忆”的负担，反而会造成更多的遗忘。在强制回忆后仍有遗忘时，可在听第二遍时集中注意力去获取。复诵初始的速度可能很慢，但坚持下去，反应的速度就会加快，遗忘也会逐渐减少。

　　四、听力理解训练

　　在听力过程中，语言信息通过考生具备的听力速度、听力素质及记忆力，及时、准确、完整地传递到大脑。大脑对语言信息进行分捡、提炼，揭示出其表层和深层的意思，然后通过文字再现出来，这个过程就是听力理解。

　　理解力的强弱直接影响到答案的选择。从听力测试的内容、问题设计和四个选择项的表现形式看，理解主要在两个水平上：一是对语言信息表层意思的理解；二是对语言信息深层含义的理解。表层意思的理解取决于对信息表达形式的理解，属于思维的初级活动。

　　深层含义的理解则需要对信息进行分析和提炼方能实现，属高级思维活动。听力测试的三个部分同时包含着这两种思维活动。

　


英语听力中的十大类标志词


1） a big time：尽兴，高兴的时刻                                                        
e.g. I had a big time there.
the big time：第一流，最高级
e.g. Don’t worry, you are in the big time now.
2） according to：按照，根据
e.g. They were commended or criticized according to their work.
according as：随……而定
e.g. The thermometer rises or falls according as the air is hot or cold.
3） admit to：承认
e.g. I have to admit to a dislike for modern music.
admit sb.(in) to：允许某人进入某地或加入某组织、行业
e.g. They have admitted me into their club.
4） all for：完全赞成
e.g. I am all for holding a meeting to discuss it.
for all：尽管
e.g. They could not open the box for all their forces.
5） all in all：总的说来
e.g. All in all, it is a success.
all in：疲倦，筋疲力尽
e.g. He was all in, but he stuck it out.
6） as it is (was)：照目前的情况来看
e.g. As it is, we shall be able to complete our task in time.
as it were：可以说，姑且这样说
e.g. He is, as it were, a walking dictionary.
7） as much as：几乎，实际上
e.g. By running away he as much as admitted that he had taken the money.
as much…as：与……一样多
e.g. It is as much our responsibility as yours.
8） as well：也，还是……为好
e.g. He gave me advice, and money as well.
Since you have begun to do it, you may as well finish it.
as well as：不仅……而且，除……之外
e.g. With television, we see a picture as well as hearing sound.
Small towns as well as big cities are being rapidly industrialized.
9） at one time从前某个时期
e.g. At one time, we met frequently.
at a time：每次，一次
e.g. You can borrow only two books at a time.
10） attach to：属于，归因于
e.g. No blame attaches to him.
attach oneself to：参加，加入
e.g. He attached himself to the group of climbers.
11） be a credit to：为……增光
e.g. I hope you will be a credit to your school.
do credit to：为……增进荣誉
e.g. This piece of work does credit to you.
12） bear in mind：记住
e.g. I hope you will bear in mind all I am saying.
have in mind：考虑
e.g. Don’t give your confidence to others regarding the plan you have in mind.
13） begin with：以……为起点
e.g. He advised me to begin with something easy.
to begin with：首先
e.g. To begin with, we must consider the problem from all sides.
14） build up：逐步建成，增强
e.g. They are trying hard to build up an independent economy.
He went for an ocean voyage and built up his health.
build on：以……为基础，依赖
e.g. Let’s build on your idea.
We shall build on your supporting us.
15） by day：在白天
e.g. Most of them work by day and study by night.
by the day：（指工作报酬等）按日计算
e.g. Will you pay me by the day or by the hour?
16） can but只好……罢了
e.g. We can but try to make him see how unreasonable he has been.
cannot but：不得不，禁不住
e.g. I cannot but tell her the truth.(=I cannot help telling her the truth)
17） come forth：出现，发行
e.g. Many new things are coming forth..
Do you know that a set of new stamps has come forth?
come forward：自告奋勇，提出供讨论
They have come forward with an offer to help.
The matter was deferred at last evening’s meeting, but will come forward at our next session.
18） compare … to比拟（指出其中的相似点）
e.g. Man’s life is often compared to a candle.
compare … with：把……和……相比（指出其不同之处）
e.g. He compared his camera with mine.
19） consist in：包含在……中
e.g. Happiness consists in good health.
consist of：由……组成
e.g. The apartment consisted of two rooms and a kitchen.
20） end on：两端相碰，正对
e.g. The two ships collided each other end on.
We shouldn’t place the bicycles end on.
on end：竖着，连续地，不断地
e.g. Place the box on end.
She often works for 20 hours on end.
21） familiar to：某事为某人熟知
e.g. There were facts not familiar to me.
familiar with：熟悉或通晓某事
e.g. He is familiar with English, German and French..
22) feel for sb.：同情某人，为某人难过
e.g. I feel for you in your sorrow.
feel for sth：（用手、脚、棍子等）摸索，寻找某物
e.g. She felt under the pillow for her watch.
23) for a moment：片刻，一会儿
e.g. She was silent for a moment, weighing in her mind the pros and cons.
for the moment：此刻、暂时
e.g. I cannot recall his name for the moment.
24) get down：下去，下来；写下来
e.g. The bus was so jammed that I could not get down.
Here’s the telephone number I got down for you.
get down to：认真着手进行处理
e.g. It is no good shirking the job, it will have to be got down to.
25) get into trouble with sb.：遭到某人的（训斥等）
e.g. Poor Tom is always getting into trouble with the boss.
get sb. into trouble：使某人陷入困境
e.g. The letter got me into trouble.
26) give sb. a hand：帮助某人或参与某人做某事
e.g. Give me a hand with the cleaning, please.
give sb. one’s hand：与某人握手
e.g. She gave me her hand and wished me a good trip.
27) go through：检查，搜查；通过，穿过
e.g. They went through our luggage at the customs.
It took us a whole week to go through the great forest.
go through with：把……坚持到底
e.g. We should go through with the experiment now we’ve started.
28) good for：有益于
e.g. This book is good for your English study.
for good：永久地
e.g. The lost money was gone for good.
29) have a fancy for：爱好，喜爱
e.g. She has a fancy for nice clothes.
have a fancy that：猜想，认为
e.g. I have a fancy that he will come tonight.
30) head up：领头；领导
e.g. A band headed up the parade.
Mr. Jones will head up the new business.
heads up：注意，小心
e.g. Heads up, now! You can do better than that.
31) in a way：在某种程度上
e.g. In a way, it is an important book.
in the way：妨碍，挡路
I will visit you next weekend if there is nothing in the way.
32) in black：穿黑色衣服
e.g. Arabian women are always dressed in black clothes.
in the black：赢利，赚钱
New production methods put the company in the black.
33) in charge of：负责
e.g. Who is in charge of this work?
in the charge of：照护
e.g. The patients are in the charge of the nurse.
34) in hand：控制
e.g. There was a little rioting, but the police soon had the situation in hand.
hand in：递交，交给
e.g. He handed in his resignation in protest against it.
35) in one’s honor：向……表示敬意或感谢
e.g. The day was kept as a holiday in honor of victory.
on one’s honor：用人格担保
e.g. We were on our honor not to cheat on the exam.
36) in possession of：占有
e.g. He is in possession of this house.
in the possession of：被占有
e.g. The keys are in the possession of the door keeper.
37) in spirit：在内心，在精神上
e.g. In spirit, at least, these laws were very fair.
in spirits：情绪或心情（好、坏等）
e.g. He is in poor spirits because of his failing in the exam.
38) keep up：继续，保持
e.g. They entered into a correspondence which was kept up for almost ten years.
keep up with：与……齐步前进，跟上
e.g. With their help, he has kept up with the class.
39) look about：环视
e.g. He looked about him with great interest.
look about for：四处寻找
e.g. She was looking about for the key she had just lost.
40) look up：向上看
e.g. He looked up and nodded to me.
look up to：尊敬
e.g. It must be rewarding to be looked up to by so many people.




听力训练三原则：有恒、有序、有量


什么是听力训练的三原则呢？三个原则是：有恒，即持之以恒；有序，循序渐进；有量，要有一定数量的听力训练。
                  “有恒”的道理，就不用说了。任何学问的取得，都离不开这个道理。没有恒心，想成就一番事业是不可能的。其实，我们国家很多学英语的人何其多也，但真正学成的，比例很有限，为什么呢？除了学习方法、天份等因素外，主要是没有坚持下去。听力练习，作为英语学习的一个非常重要的环节，其道理也是一样的。

        “有序”，是一种科学的方法。它适用于任何学科。只要科学地评判自己的水平，然后有针对性地制定适合自己的训练方法（而不是人云亦云），循序渐进，逐步攻克，并一步一步向前攀登。

        “有量”的原则非常重要。过去，人们对这个"量"的原则重视不够，或者强调不够。尽管人们都懂得"量变引起质变"这个哲学道理，但真正运用在语言学习上的人却不多。实际上这个道理非常浅显。但是越是浅显的道理，有时候越难让人置信。对于听力训练来说，量的原则尤其重要。很多人学英语，目标不可谓不明确、方法不可谓不得法、努力不可谓不努力，然而效果不明显。为什么？其实，很多时候，只是训练的量不够的缘故。这就好象是体育运动，如果你的训练量到不到教练要求的话，很多情况下是不可能获得预期的训练效果的。

        此外还有四个数字：1、3、6、9。什么是3？就是最好每次坚持进行至少30分钟的听力练习。6呢，一个星期，即进行至少6次的听力训练。9是一个层次的听力练习，至少要听够90篇以上的数量，如果条件许可，还可以在此基础上加大训练量。

       “量”的原则的具体体现，就是我们说的四个字。每次听力训练，坚持在30分钟以上。这主要是提供一次给耳朵和大脑接收有声语言输入的刺激过程，时间长度不够，刺激不充分，效果就不好。这其中的原理，有点像有氧运动。如果你不能每次坚持30分左右、心率在一定范围（因人而异）内的运动量训练，则效果一定大打折扣。所以，这个30分钟的量一定要坚持。可以是30分钟重复不停地听同一个内容，也可以听不同内容，长度相当于30分钟的材料，或者交错进行。总之，每次要进行至少30分钟以上的听力语言的熏陶。

        那么一个星期进行多长时间的训练为好呢？起码要进行6次以上的训练，每次30分钟。这个量的训练频率，加上最好以90篇素材内容为一个量的级别的高强度训练，可以逐步使自己在一个可控的范围内做到有目标和方向，又能循序渐进，即有序，加上可数的量的配合，最终达到一定程度的提高。并可以通过这种方法，逐步地、适时地进入到更高一级的层次。







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举报 只看该作者 沙发   发表于: 2012-08-21 0
l have lost in cet-4 again.listening is the most important reason.
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