pester v. 纠缠（拍死他）
scandal n. 丑闻（私下里干的太多）
donation n．捐赠 记忆方法：do-nation（全国做一件事情）
Tarzan 人猿泰山（男厕所） Titan -- Titanic
as old as Adam 老掉牙了 a warm welcome 热烈欢迎
Give me a fish, I’11 eat for a day; and teach me to fish, I’11 eat for a life time.
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Lesson-1
cat-like 像猫一样的 mother-like
childlike (lovely) (褒) childish (immature) 形容成年人不成熟 (贬)
at large 逍遥自在 Eg: The desperate criminal is still at large.
escape 逃跑 (从危险中成功逃脱)
flee away 跑开 (run away from danger)
scatter away 四处逃窜 (in different directions)
evade tax 逃税 (逃避应该承担的责任)
desert 擅离(职守、工作岗位、现役等)；(士兵)逃亡，从…开小差
desert one's army
out class 逃课
spot n./v.
n. 点，斑点 Eg: There is a white spot on the shirt.
a beauty spot 美人痣 solar spot 太阳黑子
spotlight 聚光灯 be in the spotlight 万众瞩目
Eg: Tom Cruse is in the spotlight in American film industry. (to achieve a lot of attention)
on the spot (非正式用法) 1.立刻，马上 (at once,immediately) 2.at the place of the action 在现场
Eg: Anyone breaking the rules will be asked to leave on the spot. Wherever she is needed,she is quickly on the spot.
A leopard will not change its spot. 江山易改，本性难移
v. to see or find sth with difficulty 不易察觉
observe (to see and notice sth) (正式) 观察，观测
discover (to find sth already in existence)
recognize (to figure out sth/sb known already)
detect (to disclose something hidden or in disguise) 探测
explore (to examine sth thoroughly in order to test or find out about it)
evidence n. 证据 = proof Eg: When the police arrived,he had already destroied the evidence.
in evidence 显而易见的 Eg: He was in evidence at the party. 他在晚会上很突出。(adj. evident adv. evidently)
(witness 证人 judge 法官 jury 陪审团 court of law 法庭)
self-evident a. 不言自明的 《The Declaration of Independence》 独立宣言
oblige v. 使...感到必须 (be made to do sth by law or morality) (often in passive voice)
feel obliged to do sth. 感觉有必要做某事 be obliged to do sth. 被迫做某事
Eg：Men feel obliged to take the responsibility for family.
compel (to make people have a particular feeling or attitude) 9-year's compulsory education
drive (to make someone feel or do sth bad or unpleasant)
drive sb. nuts 使某人发疯 Eg: The terrible music drove me nuts.
hunt v. 打猎，狩猎 hunt for/go hunting for 搜寻，寻找 hunt for a job hunt for a love
job hunter 四处寻找工作的人 head hunter 猎头 bargain hunter 四处买便宜货的人
human being(s) 人类(区别于神和动物)
mankind 人类 Eg: in the long history of the mankind
human race (all people,considered together as a single group)
be 存在 Eg: 《Hamlet》 ...when he hesitated to kill his uncle... to be or not to be 生存还是毁灭
being 1) -creature god being animal being 2) -existence coming into being 形成，成立
Eg: The People's Republic of China came into being in 1949.
for the time being 眼下，目前
Eg： For the time being,the cheetahs are hard up. 眼下猎豹的手头有点紧 (Lion king) hard up 手头紧
corner n./v.
n. at/on the corner 在角落里 (如介词用in表示在空间的内部)
around the corner 即将到来，即将发生 (is coming) Eg: The New Year is around the corner.
cut corners 走捷径，抄近路
v.被逼到墙角里
Eg: The puma won't attack a human being unless it is cornered. A cornered beast will do someting desperate. 狗急跳墙
trail 痕迹 a trail of a trail of mud 一串泥迹 a trail of blood
Eg: Wherever he went, the playboy left behind him a trail of broken hearts. (the playboy 应出现在主句中)
print n. 印痕，痕迹 foot print 足迹 paw print 爪痕 finger print 指纹
accumulate v. 积累，积聚 (强调积累的过程)
Eg: As the evidence accumulates,experts from the zoo felt obliged to investigate.
gather vt. 聚集，把某人召集在某处 collect 收集，采集 assemble 集合，集会； vt. 装配
hoard vt. 大量的贮存 hoard up = store up Eg: The squirrel hoards up nuts for the cold winter.
amass 积聚 = come together (主要用于诗歌和文学作品中)
pumas are large,cat-like animals which are found in America. 本句中的 be found (there be)应理解为产于、分布的意思，不应理解为被动语态。 Eg: Pandas are large,bear-like animals which are found in China.
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously. 本句中that后的内容作为reports的同位语从句，只是因为维持句子的平衡美感(避免头重脚轻)才放到了后面。
同位语从句简单记忆：
同位语从句与中心词是等同和等值的关系，而不是修饰与被修饰的关系。这一点与定语从句截然不同，定语从句与其先行词是修饰与被修饰的关系。定语从句的引导词 that/which 在句中作成分(主语或宾语)，而同位语从句的引导词 that 为连接词，只起连接主句与从句之作用，不做任何成分。
Eg: I was shocked when I heard the news that his father died yesterday. (The news is that his father died yesterday.)
能连接同位语从句的名词：
belief fact idea doubt rumor evidence conclusion information suggestion problem order discover opinion
When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London,they were not taken seriously. 句中的they指代reports，人称或指示代词的替代含义要回到句子的切近部分寻找它的中心含义。
take sth seriously 认真对待 take sth slightly 不把...放在心上
Eg: Every one ought to take life seriously. Education is so important that we should take it seriously.
Eg: When news came into the National Museum that an ancient tomb has been spotted 100 kilometers south of Xi'an,it was taken seriously.
However,as the evidence began to accumulate, ... 句中的However是语篇标识词。
语篇标识词： (即显示语篇发展的词语) 引出作者真正意图，表明事实真相，往往前后形成鲜明，相反的对比。
... ,for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma... (for 说明原因)
英语一般说来，总是把最需要表达的东西放在一个句子的最前边，汉语总是先因 -->后果；而for并不引导一个强因果关系，因此是处于从属地位而不置于句首。
As 不强调原因的重要性
Since 既然，弱因果关系
Because 强的直接的原因
claimed to have done 动词不定式的完成式： 体现它所表示的动作发生在谓语动作之前。
Eg: Till now, no organization claimed to have been responsible for this bombing.
be similar to sb. (have a lot in common)
Eg: The brothers are similar to each other in character.
bear a resemblance to (宛如)，酷似
resemble (宛如)，酷似 -- father 父亲
look/be like 像 -- father 爸爸
take after 随 -- father 爹
含义取决于说话人的文化和受教育程度
pick blackberries 采黑莓 pick mushrooms 采蘑菇 pick nose 挖鼻子 pick ears 挖耳朵 pick teeth 剔牙
prove (to be) difficult
beat around the bush 拐弯抹角，旁敲侧击
on a fishing trip to on the honey-moon trip to Paris on way to on business to
unless = if not
Eg: puma will not attack a human being unless it is cornered./puma will not attack a human being if it is not cornered.
...,this one must have been in the possession of a private collector and somehow managed to escape.
must have been/done sth 作者主观的肯定判断，是事实总结、归纳的标志。
in the possession of 为...所有 (主语为物) in possession of (主语是人)
in the authority of 由...管辖 Eg: Hong Kong is in the authority of mainland.
in the care of 由...照看
in the charge of 由...负责
wild -- tame 野生 -- 驯服
wild cat 不是指野猫，而是指大型猫科动物,野猫(流浪猫) -- stray cat
domestic animals 家养动物 domestic violence 家庭暴力 domestic market 国内市场
Idioms:
Only when you experience the pain of pain,can you enjoy the happiness of happiness. 吃得苦中苦，方为人上人
Go with what you are. 勇往直前
on doing something 一...就...
The shelf on which you put those books has collapsed. --> The shelf you put those books on has collapsed.
From whom did you receive a letter? --> Whom did you receive a letter from? (本句中whom不能省略)
定语从句中Which以及指代人的做宾语的Whom，在非正式用法当中可以省略；但省略时，介词不能前置到关系代词Whom,Which前，只能用于非固定的动词短语后面。
非固定动词短语： Eg: live in 居住，介词可前置 固定动词短语： Eg: look for 寻找， 介词不能前置
