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当华美的叶片落尽，生命的脉络才历历可见..
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The Evolution of the College Library
University of Cambridge academic James W. P. Campbell and Will Pryce, the award winning architectural photographer, have spent the last three years visiting 84 libraries in 21 countries, compiling a history of library design from the ancient world to the present day. The Library: A World History covers the development of university libraries across the world, as well as public and private libraries. Here we provide a selection of key moments in the history of the development of academic libraries.
While we speak of libraries everywhere being under threat, university libraries are coping with ever greater quantities of printed material created by the digital age. Architecturally they are changing, too.
曾几何时，图书如此稀缺，以致必须被（防盗）锁链拴在书桌上。现在图书馆的书已经多到他们几乎难以收藏了。
剑桥大学的学者James W. P. Campbell 和获奖建筑摄影师 Will Pryce 在过去三年里造访了21个国家的84所图书馆，编纂了从古代至今的图书馆设计史料。 《图书馆：世界史》 （The Library: A World History）包含世界各国高等学府以及公共和私人图书馆的发展史。本文精选了大学图书馆发展史的关键时刻，以飨读者。
当我们还在讨论各地图书馆正受到威胁的时候，大学图书馆正在处理数字化时代前所未有的大量印刷品，从建筑学角度上看，它们也在改变。
Trinity Hall, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1590
英国剑桥大学，三一学院（Trinity Hall），1590
The Trinity Hall library is unusual in retaining its original lecterns. Early Medieval University libraries were all fitted out in a similar way, with the books chained to the desks and read at lecterns. The Trinity Hall lecterns are very late, dating from around 1600 and are designed to stand at, with smaller desks sliding out from beneath the shelf. The chains have been removed from the books. The earliest universities in Italy relied on monastic collections and indeed had very few buildings of their own. Although many ancient universities boast library buildings, most have been refitted many times to absorb expanding collections. Lectern libraries had a limited capacity but were perfectly adequate to accommodate the relatively small numbers of books universities had in the Middle Ages. In 1338 the Sorbonne, which boasted one of the richest collections in Europe, had only 358 books available for consultation. In all it had just 1,728 volumes in its catalogue of which 300 were marked as lost. Most University collections were far smaller.
三一学院图书馆保留了原始的讲台，这是它不同寻常的地方。中世纪早期的大学图书馆的装修风格都非常类似，将书栓在书桌上，这样读者就只能在讲台上阅览。三一学院图书馆的讲台是这一时代晚期的产物，可以追溯到1600年，读者可以站在这些讲台旁边，书架下方能滑出一个更小的书桌。书籍的锁链已经被移除了。意大利最初的大学都依赖于教会的捐款，几乎没有属于自己的建筑。尽管许多历史悠久的大学都吹嘘自己的图书馆，它们大多数还是历经数次修缮以收纳更多藏书。这种带讲台的图书馆容量十分有限，但却足以容纳中世纪大学图书馆那相对较小的藏书量。索邦神学院（巴黎大学前身）自诩当时全欧洲藏书最丰富的图书馆之一，可供查阅的书也只有区区358本。总共记录在案的书目有1728册，其中300册被标记为已丢失。而绝大多数大学的藏书量还远不及此。
Queens’ College, Cambridge, United Kingdom, Mid-17th Century
英国剑桥大学，王后学院（Queens’ College），17世纪中叶
In the 17th century the effects of printing began to be reflected in library fittings. The library at Queens’ College, Cambridge had been constructed in the middle of the 15th century to serve the needs of the President, four Fellows, and their dozen or so students who were then resident. Each college in Oxford and Cambridge had its own library to make up for the relatively poor collections kept by the universities. The Queens’ College library was constructed as a lectern library but by the 17th century the lecterns could not store the increasing numbers of books the college had acquired and the desks were raised to become upright bookcases. The room thus became divided into “stalls.” The new arrangement was not entirely satisfactory as the taller bookcases blocked much of the light from the windows leaving the centre of the room in shadow.
17世纪的印刷效应对图书馆装修风格的影响开始显露。剑桥大学王后学院的图书馆建于15世纪中期，当时是为了满足校长、四大董事以及寄宿在学校的大约十几个学生的需求。牛津和剑桥大学的各个学院都有自己的图书馆，以弥补大学相对贫乏的藏书数。皇后学院的图书馆的装修风格是讲台式图书馆，但到了17世纪讲台已经难以容纳馆内日益增长的藏书，书桌被高大笔直的书柜所取代，阅览室也被分隔成“小隔间”。不过这种新的装修风格并不令人满意，因为过高的书架挡住了窗外投射进来的光线，以致房间中心光线不足。
Codrington Library, All Soul’s College, Oxford, 1751
牛津大学万灵学院，可灵顿图书馆（Codrington Library），1751
The division of rooms into stalls seen at Merton College, Oxford and later in libraries such as Queens’ College, Cambridge, was widely adopted in Oxford and Cambridge in the 17th century. Elsewhere in Europe the normal solution was to place the shelving against the walls. This left the problem of where to put the windows. In the Codrington Library in Oxford the windows are down one side and placed high above the bookcases. The result is a library of extraordinary spaciousness and light. The reading desks were moveable. The front of the shelves projected to act as a bench. The room was designed by Nicholas Hawksmoor and completed in 1751 by James Gibbs.
17世纪牛津大学的莫顿学院及后来剑桥大学诸如王后学院的图书馆采用将阅览室分成隔间的设计，这种设计不久之后被牛津大学和剑桥大学的图书馆广泛借鉴。欧洲其他地区的图书馆通常会将书架靠墙放置，不过这样一来窗户的位置就成了问题。可灵顿图书馆巧妙地将窗子设置在墙的一侧且高于书架，那么图书馆就显得非常宽敞明亮了。读书桌是可移动式的。书架前面的设计类似于长凳。阅览室由Nicholas Hawksmoor设计，James Gibbs于1751年完成。
The Wren Library, Trinity College, Cambridge, 1695
剑桥大学三一学院，莱恩图书馆（The Wren Library），1695
The most splendid academic library of the late seventeenth century was undoubtedly that built for Trinity College, Cambridge. Designed by the great architect Sir Christopher Wren, its interior layout is not apparent from the outside. The floor is much lower than the façade suggests, being level with the springing points of the arches. This allowed Wren to place bookcases both along the walls and at right angles to them, forming a series of alcoves, all generously lit from windows on both sides high above. Foreign visitors made special trips to Cambridge to visit this library and wrote letters home remarking on its size and splendor.
17世纪晚期最杰出的图书馆非三一学院的莱恩图书馆莫属。它是由伟大的建筑学家Christopher Wren爵士设计的，仅从外部难以揣摩这栋建筑的内部设计，它的楼梯比从外面看起来低得多，几乎和拱门的顶部齐平。这样Wren爵士就能将书架设立在墙壁及其直角处，形成一个壁龛，光线从两边高处的窗子投射进来，照亮整间屋子。外国游客会特意来游览剑桥大学的这所图书馆，并写家书告知亲朋莱恩图书馆是怎样的宏伟壮观。
The Radcliffe Camera, Oxford, 1751
牛津大学，拉德克里夫图书馆（The Radcliffe Camera），1751
Wren’s first design for his library at Trinity was for a round library covered by a dome. This design was rejected, but Wren’s pupil Nicholas Hawksmoor knew it well and revived the idea for a new library for Oxford to be funded by the physician John Radcliffe. Clearing of the site for the intended library took so long that Hawkmsoor had died before construction could begin. James Gibbs took over as the architect and completed the dramatic library that is known as the Radcliffe Camera. Although it is not the first round library in the world, it is one of the best known and most dramatic.
Wren爵士在三一学院设计的第一个图书馆是一个圆顶图书馆。在当时这个设计方案被否决了。不过他的学生Nicholas Hawksmoor了解设计的奥妙，在内科医生John Radcliffe的资助下，Hawkmsoor在牛津大学让老师的设计重见天日。不过由于工程浩大，工时历久，Hawkmsoor在图书馆动工之前就溘然长逝了。由James Gibbs接任总建筑师，直到拉德克里夫图书馆竣工。尽管拉德克里夫图书馆不是世界上首个圆顶图书馆，但它毫无疑问是最知名和最引人注目的那个。
Biblioteca Joanina, Coimbra University, Portugal, 1728
葡萄牙科英布拉大学，若安妮娜（Biblioteca Joanina）图书馆，1728
Coimbra is the oldest University in Portugal and can trace its foundation back to 1290. In the early years of its existence it moved several times until in 1537 it finally settled into the Alcáçcova Palace. The magnificent library was a gift of King Joao V (r. 1706-1750) and is thus unusual in being a university library paid for entirely by a reigning monarch. The money for the library came from the gold reserves that had recently been discovered in Brazil. The rector of the university had written to the King asking for a donation to expand the existing poor facilities and was surprised when he got a reply offering not just a whole new building but also the money to buy a fine new collection to go in it. The result was possibly the most lavish university library building ever constructed.
科英布拉大学是葡萄牙最古老的大学，其历史可追溯到1290年。这所大学早年曾数易其址，直到1537年才最终在Alcáçcova宫定址。这栋宏伟的图书馆是若昂五世 (r. 1706-1750)馈赠的礼物，它的非同寻常之处就在于费用全部由君主支付。资助图书馆建设资金的是刚在巴西发现的黄金资源。科英布拉大学校长曾给国王写信请求扩建图书馆的资金，令他吃惊的是国王不仅慷慨地赠与改建的资金，还额外附赠了购置新书的钱。结果史上最奢华的大学图书馆就这么诞生了。
Cambridge University Library, Cambridge, United Kingdom, 1842
英国剑桥大学，剑桥大学图书馆（Cambridge University Library），1842
In the 19th century Cambridge University decided to expand its poor library facilities and held an architectural competition. To say that the process was mismanaged would be an understatement, but finally after two further competitions and changes of brief and site, the architect C.R. Cockerell was finally appointed. The reading room, which now serves as the library of Gonville and Caius College, was a dramatic barrel-vaulted double height space, lit by semi-circular windows along both sides and large windows at each end. It was one of a number of libraries built in this period to use this layout, which was light and airy, with alcoves on the lower level providing useful semi-private working spaces. The adaptation of Trinity College Dublin’s library (which originally had a flat-ceiling) by Deane and Woodward in 1856 is another well-known and much-loved example of this type of library.
19世纪剑桥大学决定扩建它那小的可怜的图书馆设施，并为此举行了一次建筑设计大赛，不过说这个活动过程管理不善都不为过。好在经过两轮复赛的角逐，任务设计书和选址都做了变动，最终建筑师C.R. Cockerell脱颖而出。阅览室，也就是现在的冈维尔与凯斯学院图书馆，拥有一个弧形穹顶撑起的两层高的空间，尤为引人注目。两边的半圆形窗户和走廊尽头的落地窗使室内光线充足。许多同时期的图书馆都采取这种敞亮又大气的设计，这样一层的壁龛就能为读者提供半私密的工作环境。由Deane 和Woodward改建于1856年的都柏林三一学院的图书馆（曾是平顶设计），也是声名远扬并广受好评的同类图书馆。
The Fisher Fine Arts Library, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 1891
费城宾夕法尼亚大学，费舍尔艺术图书馆（The Fisher Fine Arts Library），1891
In 1884 the University of Pennsylvania employed an energetic new librarian, James G. Barnwell, to take over its collection of books. He was so successful in acquiring money for new books that the library soon outgrew its meager premises but it was only on his resignation in frustration that the University took notice and looked to design new premises. They consulted Justin Winsor, who had built new iron stacks in Gore Hall, Harvard, and Mevil Dewey and chose the architect Frank Furness to design the building (completed in 1891). The building was built with iron stacks that could be extended indefinitely to accommodate expansion of the collection. However, subsequent developments blocked the expansion of the stacks and the library was threatened with demolition before being relegated to being the library of the faculty of fine art. Today it is difficult to believe that anyone could have suggested destroying such a fine interior, as loved by current students as it was when first completed.
宾大于1884年任命年富力强的James G. Barnwell为新任图书馆长。这位新馆长非常擅长筹资购买新书，很快老图书馆那寒酸的小地盘就容纳不下如此浩瀚的书籍了，可惜直到Barnwell心灰意冷决定辞职的时候宾大才意识到这个问题并着手设计新馆。宾大请到了哈佛大学戈尔会堂钢铁书库的设计者Justin Winsor和Mevil Dewey以及建筑师Frank Furness设计新馆（新馆于1891年竣工）。钢铁书库这种易于扩建的设计也被新馆采纳，于是收纳日益增长的书籍不再是难题。然而新馆的发展远非一帆风顺，（译注：由于宾大博物馆的建设）钢铁书库的发展大大受限，图书馆甚至一度处于被拆迁的边缘，直到它被降级为艺术学院的图书馆。时至今日，我们仍然难以想象居然有人建议拆除这座如此独具匠心的建筑，历届学子对它的爱一如它建立之初，从未改变。
The Beinecke Library, Yale University, New Haven, 1963
纽黑文耶鲁大学，贝尼克图书馆（The Beinecke Library），1963
A visit to the Beinecke library at Yale is an experience never forgotten. Externally the library is a severe white box raised on squat concrete stilts. The interior is completely unexpected. The Vermont marble walls which are white on the outside, have a rich amber glow when the sunlight falls upon them, reflecting the color of the leather bindings of the books which are stored in a glass box in the heart of the building. The architect, Gordon Bunshaft, had originally wanted the walls to be made of alabaster or onyx, which would have been yellow on the outside and within. The Vermont marble was a reluctant substitute that turned out to be far more effective than the intended material would have been, creating one of the most powerful spaces in modern library design.
贝尼克图书馆绝对是一座令造访者终生难忘的图书馆。从外面看它就像矗立在粗壮的混凝土脚墩上的一个大白盒子。但它的内部绝对超乎你的想象。外部白色的佛蒙特大理石墙壁在晚霞的映射下呈现出高贵的琥珀色光辉，那颜色和被收藏在图书馆中心玻璃柜中那些藏书的皮革装订线一样。建筑师Gordon Bunshaft原本打算采用雪花石膏或者缟玛瑙作为外墙原料，那样整栋建筑由内而外都会是黄色的。佛蒙特大理石本是无奈之选，不料设计效果却远超预选材料，也使Beinecke图书馆在杰作层出不穷的现代图书馆设计史上留下浓墨重彩的一笔。
The Grimm Centre, Humboldt University, Berlin, 2009
柏林洪堡大学，格林兄弟中心（The Grimm Centre），2009
The Grimm Centre is named after the brothers Jacob (1785–1863) and Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859), chiefly known for their collection of folk tales, published in various editions between 1812 and 1857. In Germany they are also known as famous academics who began the Deutsches Wörterbuch, the most comprehensive dictionary of the German language. The Grimm Centre is not just the home of the book collection of the Grimm brothers; it is also the library of the Humboldt University of Berlin. The new building, a long-overdue replacement for one destroyed in the Second World War, was designed by the Swiss architect Max Dudler and completed in 2009. Its most important feature is its open-stack shelving: the Grimm Centre is the largest open-shelving library in Germany. The stacks are ranged over six floors on either side of a central, stepped reading room.
格林兄弟中心是以Jacob Grimm(1785–1863)和Wilhelm Grimm (1786–1859)命名的，这对兄弟以收藏1812年到1857年间的民间故事集著称。在德国，他们也因起草最全面的德语词典Deutsches Wörterbuch而被视作知名学者。格林兄弟中心不仅是格林兄弟藏书收纳所，更是柏林洪堡大学的图书馆。新大楼于2009年竣工，是二战中被损毁的老图书馆迟来的替代品，由瑞士建筑师Max Dudler设计。格林兄弟中心是德国最大的开架式图书馆，这也是它最显著的特征。格林兄弟中心足足六层楼高的书架在两边排开，中间是阶梯式的阅览室。
Utrecht University Library, Utrecht. Netherlands, 2004
荷兰乌德勒支，乌德勒支大学图书馆（Utrecht University Library），2004
The Utrecht University library by Wiel Arets completed in 2004 is designed to provide the widest possible variety in reading spaces, but there is no shortage of storage for books. It has a capacity for 4.2 million volumes and much of the material is available on open shelving. But these books provide the backdrop for the workspaces, since the shelving is used to create rooms within what is, for the most part, a single huge space, above which sealed storage and specialist reading rooms hover. The books provide color against the black background. On a typical day, students fill the reading rooms. Probably most are here not to look at the books, but to use the space.
乌德勒支大学图书馆由Wiel Arets设计，于2004年竣工，能提供最多样的阅读空间，但藏书空间并不会受到制约。该馆能收纳420万册书籍，其中大多数都置于开放式书架以供借阅。 不过这些书还成了工作区的背景，因为书架被用来分隔出单独空旷的阅览室，而在其上方还悬空架构出了一些密封的储藏室和专家阅览室。多彩的书籍和大量运用黑色的空间形成鲜明对比。通常，学生们会占领阅览室。或许大部分人根本不是来看书的，他们只是想利用这里的空间罢了。
Information, Communications and Media Centre, BTU Coutbus, Germany, 2004
德国科特布斯理工大学，信息、通信与媒体中心，2004
The fact that BTU Cottbus felt that it had to give its new library the title of ‘The Information, Communications and Media Centre’ is a sad reflection of the current lack of confidence in the word ‘library’ despite the fact that this is still very much a home for books. Designed by the Swiss architectural firm Herzog and De Meuron, the building commands the entrance to the university, standing on a slight hill above the road. Its façade is a single, undulating skin of glass etched with intertwined letters in white. These merge into a pattern that is particularly visible at night, when the building lights up like a lantern. This continuous glass skin wraps around the whole building, concealing the openings and solid walls behind it and making it impossible to gauge the building’s scale. As a result, it appears much larger than it actually is, resembling a castle tower commanding and protecting the entrance to the campus, placing the library where it should be and has been throughout history: at the very center of university life.
事实上，科特布斯理工大学给他们的新图书馆冠名为“信息、通信与媒体中心（下文简称ICMC）”是时下对“图书馆”这个词缺乏信心的反映，尽管这栋建筑确实是书的归宿。ICMC是由瑞士建筑公司Herzog and De Meuron设计，坐落于路边的小山丘上，控制着科特布斯理工大学的校门。ICMC外部是单纯的波浪形玻璃表层，上面蚀刻着交织的白色字母。这样的组合让它每到夜晚就象一个大灯笼一样光彩夺目。这种连绵的玻璃表层覆盖了整栋建筑，将空地和坚实的墙隐藏了起来，并且无法测量建筑面积。这样一来，看上去ICMC就比它实际面积大得多。它就像一座城堡塔楼那样控制且保护着校园入口，而图书馆也回归它应有的，也是贯穿历史的位置：大学生活的中心。
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